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Summary
The air composition at high altitudes is the same as that at low altitudes. Excluding water vapor, oxygen accounts for about 21% and nitrogen accounts for about 79%. However, the high altitude air is thin, so the absolute concentration of oxygen is also lean. Alpine disease is caused by high altitude air hypoxia. However, different people at the same height may have different oxygen saturations in arterial blood. Those with high blood oxygen saturation adapt, and the lower one gets sick.
Among the factors that contribute to the low oxygen saturation in arterial blood, the most important ones are the first to ventilate and the second to exert physical activity. The principle conversion is not obvious.
The so-called ventilation means the volume of air added to and discharged from the lungs every minute.
The arterial blood of mountain patients not only has less oxygen but also more carbon dioxide. When it is highly adaptive, the carbon dioxide content in the blood will drop much lower than at sea level. If the carbon dioxide content in the blood at high altitude is still the same as at sea level, the oxygen content in the blood will drop very low and mountain diseases will occur. Carbon dioxide is the cause of oxygen reduction.
The so-called height adaptation, the most important part is that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood is reduced enough to make oxygen rise to the concentration where alpine disease will not occur. The method to reduce blood carbon dioxide is to increase ventilation. Therefore, height adjustment is the main increase in ventilation.
In addition, during exercise at high altitudes, in addition to more carbon dioxide produced by exercise, there is also a factor that affects oxygen and has little relationship with carbon dioxide, that is, the time for the accelerated blood flow to make red blood cells to pass through the alveolar microvessels is shortened. This shortening of time does not affect the absorption of oxygen by the heme at low altitudes, mainly because at low altitudes, the oxygen partial pressure is high enough to allow oxygen molecules to diffuse from the alveolar cavity to the red blood cells at an extremely rapid rate. However, under the high altitude and low pressure environment, the time required for oxygen molecules to diffuse into the bloodstream will increase greatly. If the red blood cells rapidly pass through the alveolar microvessels, there will be no time to absorb enough oxygen. Therefore, tired physical activity will increase the incidence of mountain sickness.
Further explanation
How does ventilation influence carbon dioxide?
Carbon dioxide in the air is rare, accounting for less than one-thousandth. About five percent of the carbon dioxide is exhaled by humans. The process of carbon dioxide diffusing from the blood into the alveolar cavities, while requiring the help of paralysis,
This sentence must be explained. Carbon dioxide passes through the cell membrane extremely quickly without the aid of helium. However, carbon dioxide does not have high solubility in water. This distant journey from the muscles or other body tissues to the alveoli requires a blood that is mainly composed of water, so it is in the blood. Must be converted to high solubility of carbonic acid. Carbonic acid can hardly pass through the cell membrane and must be dehydrated into carbon dioxide to pass quickly. The combination of carbon dioxide and water to change carbonic acid or carbonic acid to carbon dioxide must rely on helium to help.
However, the efficiency is extremely high and will not become a bottleneck. Because the extracorporeal air contains almost no carbon dioxide, it will not reach a concentration balance with the alveoli. Therefore, the key to determining the discharge of carbon dioxide in the blood is from the alveolar cavity to the outside of the nose and mouth. The flow, that is, the amount of ventilation. (Strictly speaking, it is the amount of alveolar ventilation, that is, the amount of ventilation that enters and exits the alveoli, not the entrance and exit of the nose.)
The factors that affect oxygen concentration are much more complex: oxygen enters the alveolar microvessels from the air and red blood cells combine with hemoglobin. Sometimes, the oxygen content of the heme is saturated. For example, when the healthy person is below 1500 m altitude, the hemoglobin in the alveolar microvessels can absorb oxygen to reach 100% of the capacity. At this time, increasing the volume of inspiratory and exhaled air can no longer increase the oxygen saturation. . At higher altitudes, although heme is not saturated, but the air is thin, the ability of oxygen in the air to enter the blood stream to bind with heme depends on the absolute concentration of oxygen in the air. When the equilibrium is reached, the oxygen saturation of the heme is reached. Constrained by this ability, if a fixed concentration of carbon dioxide is added to the inhaled air to control the carbon dioxide, the greater ventilation will not change the oxygen content in the blood. At very high altitudes, because the air pressure is too low, the rate of penetration of oxygen from the alveoli cavity into the microvessel process is too slow, and the time for red blood cells to pass through the alveolar microvessels is too short to reach equilibrium. If the carbon dioxide is removed, the increase in ventilation is not Will increase blood oxygen content. There are many disease conditions that affect the blood oxygen concentration and cannot be corrected with increased ventilation, such as shunting. This refers to the condition in which hypoxic blood in part of the body vein returns to the arterial artery without alveolar oxygenation, such as pneumonia. Partial bronchial obstruction, or some congenital heart disease, has a shunting phenomenon.
For many mountain friends, the information related to mountain sickness is a bit messy; how can we improve our ability to grasp information? Understanding what is (a highly adaptive physiological response) is the first step.