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Technical Details:
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Mesh
Wire Gauge (MM)
Width
Inch
MM
-
-
1/2"
13mm
0.6mm - 1.0mm
2' - 2M
3/4"
19mm
0.6mm - 1.0mm
2' - 2M
1"
25mm
0.7mm - 1.3mm
1' - 2M
1-1/4"
30mm
0.85mm - 1.3mm
1' - 2M
1-1/2"
40mm
0.85mm - 1.4mm
1' - 2M
2"
50mm
1.0mm - 1.4mm
1' - 2M
In this paper, we compare the performance metrics of oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers in frequency domain analysis from four key perspectives: real-time bandwidth, dynamic range, sensitivity, and power measurement accuracy. Through experiments, the authors found that the R&S oscilloscope achieves a measurement deviation of only 0.2dB at a specific frequency point compared to a spectrum analyzer, indicating that it can replace a spectrum analyzer in many applications. The R&S oscilloscope’s frequency domain analysis employs a digital down conversion (DDC) algorithm similar to that of a spectrum analyzer, which overcomes the limitation of frequency resolution being constrained by capture time. Additionally, its bottom noise can reach as low as -100dBm, an impressive specification.
With years of development, both oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers have significantly improved their capabilities in time and frequency domain analysis. As advancements in ADC technology, memory, and computing power continue, the frequency domain analysis performance of oscilloscopes has also advanced rapidly, enabling basic frequency domain analysis. But how do you choose between these instruments for frequency domain measurements? This article compares several key performance indicators of oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers, helping readers make informed decisions when selecting the right tool for their application.
**1. Real-Time Bandwidth**
For an oscilloscope, bandwidth typically refers to the frequency range it can measure. Spectrum analyzers, on the other hand, have definitions such as IF bandwidth and resolution bandwidth. Here, we focus on real-time bandwidth—the ability to perform real-time signal analysis.
In spectrum analyzers, the final analog IF bandwidth is often used as the real-time bandwidth. Most spectrum analyzers have a real-time bandwidth of just a few megahertz, with wideband models reaching up to tens of megahertz. The FSW spectrum analyzer, for example, can achieve up to 500 MHz. In contrast, the real-time bandwidth of an oscilloscope is usually hundreds of megahertz, with high-end models reaching several gigahertz.
It's important to note that most oscilloscopes may have varying real-time bandwidths depending on vertical scale settings. When set to the most sensitive range, the real-time bandwidth is often reduced.
In terms of real-time bandwidth, oscilloscopes generally outperform spectrum analyzers, making them particularly suitable for ultra-wideband signal analysis, especially in modulation analysis.
**2. Dynamic Range**
Dynamic range is defined differently depending on context. Typically, it refers to the difference between the maximum and minimum signals an instrument can measure. However, this varies based on settings. For example, a spectrum analyzer’s dynamic range is affected by attenuation settings, which influence distortion when measuring large signals.
Here, we discuss the optimal dynamic range under appropriate settings without changing configurations. For spectrum analyzers, factors like average noise level, second-order distortion, and third-order distortion are key limitations. Their ideal dynamic range is around 90 dB (limited by second-order distortion).
Most oscilloscopes have an ideal dynamic range of less than 50 dB due to ADC sampling and noise floor limitations. However, high-end models like the R&S RTO can achieve up to 86 dB at 100 kHz RBW.
While spectrum analyzers generally have better dynamic range, it’s worth noting that they may not capture transient signals as effectively. Oscilloscopes, on the other hand, can detect transients within the dynamic range, making them more suitable for certain applications.
**3. Sensitivity**
Sensitivity refers to the minimum signal level an instrument can detect. This is closely related to the instrument’s settings.
When an oscilloscope is set to its most sensitive vertical scale, it can typically measure signals as low as 1 mV/div. However, stability-related noise becomes the main factor limiting sensitivity.
As shown in Figure 1, increasing the number of samples reduces spectral noise, but if the time-domain signal is unclear, it can create clutter in the frequency domain, limiting the detection of small signals.
The RTO oscilloscope, for instance, can stably measure a 0.2 mV signal, equivalent to -60 dBm in the frequency domain. Its X-axis jitter and trigger sensitivity also play a role in accurately detecting small signals.
In the R&S Chengdu open lab, the RTO was tested and showed excellent sensitivity. As seen in Figure 2, the RTO can measure a -60 dBm signal with a noise floor around -80 dBm across the entire frequency band (DC-4 GHz), without significant clutter, greatly improving measurement sensitivity.
By narrowing the span and RBW, the RTO’s noise floor can be further reduced below -100 dBm, as shown in Figure 3.
**4. Power Measurement Accuracy**
Power measurement accuracy is a critical metric in frequency domain analysis. Both oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers are influenced by various factors.
For oscilloscopes, factors include port mismatch, vertical system error, frequency response, ADC quantization error, and calibration signal error.
For spectrum analyzers, factors include port mismatch, reference level error, attenuator error, bandwidth conversion error, frequency response, and calibration signal error.
When comparing power measurements at 1 GHz, the RTO oscilloscope and FSW spectrum analyzer show only a 0.2 dB difference, which is an excellent level of accuracy. Moreover, the RTO’s frequency response is very good, with less than 0.5 dB variation up to 4 GHz, making it even better than some spectrum analyzers in this regard.
In conclusion, both oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers have their strengths in frequency domain analysis. Spectrum analyzers excel in sensitivity and other technical aspects, while oscilloscopes offer superior real-time bandwidth. Depending on the type of signal and test requirements, users can select the most suitable instrument based on its unique characteristics.
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