Pet Bowls And Feeders
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Competition continues to drive down retail prices for digital TV systems, home theaters, flat-screen TVs, and DVD systems, but the bill of materials costs for the audio amplification systems in these products remain unchanged because of the large number of components that support current digital amplifiers. This situation also hinders the miniaturization and market growth of handheld and battery-driven products such as mobile phones, MP3 players and iPods. Since almost all audio sources have shifted to digital formats and media, new audio amplification methods are needed to meet consumer demand for audio-visual products that are smaller, cheaper, and of better quality. This new method requires digital inputs, lower power consumption, less heat generation, and overall cost savings.
Audio amplifiers are entering the digital age.
The early stages of the digital audio industry
Transistors successfully developed in the 1950s represent a huge leap forward in audio amplification technology. But transistor technology has at least two major flaws. Although the transistor is more efficient than the tube that heats the entire room, it only quickly replaced the vacuum tube, and actually did not touch the upstream signal source. The design process using digital signal processing technology with less heat generation and higher efficiency has just entered many markets including audio. The second issue is less important, namely mass production of transistors at an almost unaffordable price, which means that the error standards of these components should be greatly relaxed, resulting in increased signal distortion or reduced sound quality. At that time, due to the use of relatively low-quality storage media (vinyl and tape), transmission and reception technology (AM radio and VHS TV), it was not perfect, and the problem of sound quality degradation was not so obvious and prominent, but the current situation has been Completely different.
As early as the 1960s, the development of integrated circuits provided a good and cheap way to significantly improve sound quality, and effectively promoted the miniaturization of electronic products. Analog amplifiers are absolutely linear. In analog amplifiers, the power supply is always on and consumes a lot of power, so a large number of heat sinks must be used. Such useless power supply is simply not suitable for current battery-powered products and slim consumer electronics devices. Since all sound sources are analog, the audible noise background limits the repeatable dynamic range. For example, the Vinyl source produces a variety of crackling noises; the tape source with better sound quality has a hissing noise, making the system's dynamic range only up to 60 dB.
Enter the digital age
With the development of the times, new audio sources have appeared, almost completely entering the digital age. Records and tapes began to disappear, giving way to compact discs (CD). The market wants to store more music on smaller devices. This demand has spawned compression technologies such as MP3, which in turn require digital amplifier circuits to meet these new media. Digital recording equipment and output generate very accurate sound. 16-bit digital recording can be accurate to one-fourth of 64,000, while the analog recording accuracy with a digital resolution of 12-13 bits is only one-eighth. Early digital amplifiers worked well with analog audio sources, and to some extent with digital audio sources, but they could only generate audio with a resolution of 12 to 13.5 bits at most.
New multimedia products require full 16-bit audio reproduction to support the increasing spatial characteristics of surround sound, reverberation and concert hall effects required by the market. Typical Class D digital amplifiers, some with analog inputs and some with digital outputs, cannot meet the above goals because, despite their low cost and high efficiency, they lack the resolution needed to generate accurate audio. Moreover, these components can not even meet the increasingly common advanced equipment such as CD players, car stereo systems, DVD players or MP3 players. The use of CDs to distribute digital audio eliminates a weakness in the audio signal format. In the end, very portable handheld devices can even achieve cinema-grade sound quality.
Literally, digital audio signals are noise-free. It is treated as a series of "0" and "1", leaving no room for noise that may cause minor distortions. But another problem still exists: the effect of the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) necessary for analog amplification on size, cost, and quality. Now, new technology keeps this new pure audio source in pure digital form throughout the audio processing chain. Pure digital amplifiers with digital inputs eliminate the need for digital-to-analog converters in the signal path.
A real digital amplifier directly converts the clean digital input into a clean power output at the speaker terminal. Until recently, only end-to-end digital amplifiers were seen in high-end, most expensive audio systems. Almost all early digital amplification systems required the use of a two-chip solution and required a large number of external components. The cost and size of this two-chip solution have largely hindered its application in the mainstream market.
Consider new options
Although existing Class D digital amplifiers have improved from previous technologies, they have failed to achieve significant improvements in sound quality, packaging, performance, price, and core technology. The first is sound quality. In order to generate accurate audio, the input transistor needs to work equally well at both ends of the dynamic range to help accurately achieve accurate power distribution. The new architecture technology no longer ignores the details and adds an additional set of input transistors. These transistors enable finer control of audio signal input. By using a simple but powerful internal control logic system to improve audio output, this single-chip solution combines fine-tuning control with raw power.
Unlike all traditional architectures that require the use of mid-level analog signals in almost all Class D amplifiers, this E-Bridge architecture is compared to the more traditional H-Bridge architecture by omitting complex feedback loops or using a large amount of DSP error correction This greatly simplifies the amplification process. Because this architecture is fundamentally simpler, this open-loop solution also facilitates integration at a lower cost and smaller footprint.
The audio output of a switching amplifier consists of a series of voltage pulses. The width or density of these pulses determines how much power is sent at a given moment. Because the pulse height (voltage) is fixed, the output power is determined by the change in pulse width. Although the principle is very simple, it is difficult to make the timing control achieve the accuracy required by the audio. Traditional Class D amplifiers try to use feedback to produce advanced sound quality. This is an analog technology. Although the sound quality has been improved, it has never reached the high level of its predecessors-analog amplifiers with high heat and power consumption.
This new way of switching amplification uses a set of transistors at the output stage to increase low-voltage precision control. Traditional output transistors provide raw Class D output. The added transistor generates a low voltage pulse, which together with the high voltage pulse determines the final value. By using both high-voltage pulses and these low-voltage pulses at the same time, this new method of digital amplification generates extremely accurate power output, which in turn produces extremely accurate audio. This extraordinary accuracy also means that now digital amplifiers can truly realize the benefits of special effects such as environmental simulation and surround sound.
The following comparison will make this very complicated concept easy to understand. Suppose you have to generate a specific and accurate water volume flow. Only give you a fire hose. The volume flow needs to be controlled by opening and closing the water dragon belt. In order to produce a uniform flow, you need to open and close the hose very quickly. This is of course very difficult, and the results may not be accurate. But if you add a rubber hose for watering on your head, you can better control the water flow. Due to the small size, finer adjustments can be achieved with rubber hoses, so the distribution of water can be controlled more finely and accurately:
In addition to improving efficiency and reducing system costs, this approach also reduces the footprint and helps miniaturize the product. The system power consumption of the E-Bridge solution is also lower than that of analog or traditional Class D amplifiers. This means that in addition to producing better audio, fewer supporting components are required. This new architectural solution will extend battery life and be more suitable for portable products such as mobile phones, laptop computers and MP3 players. Digital audio amplifiers using this non-traditional architecture represent the next generation of digital audio amplification. This technology ultimately makes switching amplifiers an acceptable solution for pure digital media and equipment, allowing them to fully utilize their core capabilities.
Although the previous audio technology works well, the technology they use is specifically for analog audio sources. Now that almost all audio sources are digital, we need to review the basic principles of traditional amplification methods to see if they are sufficient to meet the needs of today's digital audio source equipment, such as CD, MP3 and DVD applications. Digital audio is now everywhere. In other words, current digital audio amplifiers cannot meet the requirements for ultra-clear full 16-bit audio technology (the current minimum standard for audio equipment).